Advantages and disadvantages of the 2 methods for preparing alcohol.

Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages
Fermentation	·         Renewable raw materials ·         Warm, normal pressure needed ·         Only little amounts of energy is needed to Ferment	·         Made in Batches meaning that your will have to stop and start ·         A lot of workers needed ·         A very slow process ·         Impure- needs treatment
Industrially	·         Very Fast ·         It is also a continuous process	·         Uses non-renewable sources

3.8 Describe the addition reaction of alkenes with bromine,including the decolourising of bromine water as a test for alkenes

1.       Write the word equation showing the reaction between ethene and bromine water

2.       Draw the displayed formula of the reaction above

3.       Explain the observations

4.       Why does this reaction not need a catalyst?

5.       What type of reaction is this called?

6.       Explain why this reaction is useful

3.5 I can recall the reaction of methane and bromine

Alkanes react with bromine in the presence of UV Light

Explain why this condition is necessary UV provides the energy needed to break the Covalent bonds 

What is this type of reaction called Substitution 

State and explain the observations It will go from brown to colorless 

Draw the displayed formula of the reaction between methane and bromine (upload a photo)

Write out a balanced (with state symbols) the reaction between ethane and chlorine
C2H6 (g) + Cl2 (g) --> C2H5cl (g) + HCl (g)

State and explain the observations in this chemical reaction
It turns from a yellow gas into a colorless one 

3.4 I can recall the products of complete and incomplete combustion of alkenes

1.       Saturated hydrocarbons are called Alkanes 

2.       Small chain Alkanes are used as fuels

3.       The reaction is called Combustion 

4.       The word equation for  this chemical reaction is :

fuel (Hydrocarbon) + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

5.       If there is insufficient oxygen then the word equation is:

fuel (Hydrocarbon) + Oxygen → Carbon monoxide + Water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

6.       The problem with this reaction is that Carbon monoxide is produced this gas is a Poison to the human body (see objective 5.11)

7.       Where can you find incomplete combustion? In your Car

8.       What is used to reduce the harmful products from incomplete combustion? A Catalytic Converter

9.       During incomplete combustion a smoky flame is often seen, explain this observation This is unburnt carbon 

Extn: write a balanced equation (with state symbols) for the combustion of propane gas

C₃H_8(g)+5O_2(g)→3CO_2(g)+4H₂O_(l)

3.2 and 3.3 i can recall the general formula and displayed formula of Alkanes

3. What is the General Formula for Alkanes?
Cn H2n+2
4. Describe and explain the trend in boiling points
The boiling point increases as you go up the Alkane group this is because the further you go into the group there are more bonds that need to be broken
5. three isomers of pentane 

3.1 I can explain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated, general formula and isomerism

Term	Definition	Example
Homologous series	A family of Hydrocarbons with a similar general formula	Alkane
Hydrocarbon	A compound of only Hydrogen and Carbon	Crude Oil
Saturated hydrocarbon	Contains only single bonds	Methane
Unsaturated hydrocarbon	Has a Carbon double bond	Methene
General formula	The mathematical formula in which connects the amount of Hydrogen and carbons	Cn H2n+2
Isomerism	Same Chemical Properties but different Physical properties

5.13 i can describe catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons

a. Define the term catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

b.Why is a catalyst used?
To speed up the rate of reaction
c. Why are high temperatures needed?
To separate the hydrogens and the carbons, also high temperatures help speed up the reactions

d.
1. What is the process called when you break long chained hydrocarbons in to shorter ones?
Cracking
2. Why is the catalyst used in this experiment?
The catalyst will speed up the reaction  
3.  How is Paraffin broken down?
By applying heat onto the Paraffin
4.  How is the Paraffin Collected?
Over water and into a test tube facing down into the water
5.  What is the main thing you have to try and avoid in this experiment?
Water sucking back up the tube and into the test tube 
6.  Why is this dangerous?
Allowing the water to suck back and into the hot test tube would turn the water into steam and this may cause an explosion
7. Why aren't the first few bubbles produced collected in the experiment above?
This is because the first few bubbles are formed by the air inside the test tube expanding not the Paraffin.
8. Why do we crack long chained hydrocarbons
This is because most long chained hydrocarbons are useless and we get a lot of this material from fractional distillation and not enough of the short chained hydrocarbons which are more useful to us. This is why we crack the long chained hydrocarbons to produce the more useful short chained hydrocarbon.  

                        

5.12 I can recall the problems associated with the fractional distillation of Crude oil

a. When crude oil undergoes fractional distillation there are too many large chain hydrocarbons (eg Bitumen) produced and not enough short chain hydrocarbons (eg refinery gasses)
b. To solve these problems the long chain hydrocarbons undergo a chemical reaction called cracking

5.11 I can recall how nitrogen oxides are formed in car engines

a.    Write the general equation for the combustion of a fuel

Fuel+Oxygen= Energy+Oxides 

b.      During combustion the nitrogen in air can react to form what gases?

Oxygen

c.       What condition is necessary for the formation of these gases?

High Temperatures

d.      In what common object is this condition found?

Car Engines 

e.      Why is this condition needed for nitrogen to react?

Because Nitrogen has a strong triple covalent bonds  

f.        What are the dangers of the products from this reaction?

Acid Rain 

5.7 I can describe how crude oil is separated

5.10 I can recall the problems associated with incomplete combustion

What are the properties of carbon monoxide?

Carbon monoxide is a colorless and orderless gas which can be fatal to humans 

Explain how carbon monoxide is formed?

Carbon monoxide is formed when there is incomplete combustion 

 Explain why carbon monoxide is poisonous?

Carbon monoxide it poisonous because it attaches itself to our hemoglobin faster than oxygen does

meaning that our cells won't have oxygen to use in respiration     

5.9 I can describe the trend in boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions

a.       What is the trend in boiling point of the fractions?

        The higher the boiling point of the fractions the slower it takes for the substance to boil out

b.      Define viscosity (source your definition)

      Resistance of a liquid to shear forces

c.       What is the trend in viscosity of the fractions?

        The higher the boiling point of the fraction the greater the viscosity of the fractions 

d.      What is the trend in color of the fractions?

        The higher the boiling point of the fraction the darker the color

e.      Why is crude oil separated into fractions?

        So that it is able to be used because Crude Oil by itself is useless 

f.        What process is used to separate crude oil into fractions?

      Fractional Distillation 

g.       What physical property allows this process to work?

      The different boiling points of each fraction 

Mnemonic for Fractional Distillation

Raging    Refinery Gases 
Golfers   Gasoline (Petrol)
Killed     Kerosene  
Dads      Diesel
Favorite  Fuel 
Bear       Bitumen

5.8 I can recall the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil

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5.6 I can recall what crude oil is made from

1.       Create a blog post titled "5.6 I can recall what crude oil is made from"

2.       Read pg 139 (down to word plastics) Chem 4 You

3.       Complete the following in a table with white text as the answer or as a rollover (no need for a table) and upload to your blog

a. Define the word hydrocarbon….	A Hydrocarbon is a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.
b. What is crude oil made from?	Crude Oil was made from the bodies if tiny sea creatures and plats that died about 150 million years ago
c. Define the word compound….	Is when two or more elements are chemically bonded together.
d. Define the word mixture…..	A substance of when two or more Elements are mixed together but are no chemically bonded.

4.       Read pgs 140 & 141 Chem 4 You and add these to the table above

d. How long does crude oil take to make?	Crude oil takes 150 million years to make
e. Where does the energy in crude oil originally come from?	The energy originally came from the sun
f. How is crude oil different from coal?	They are two main differences one is that Coal is not a hydrocarbon but crude oil is and secondly the things that make up coal are trees and ferns that died and were buried beneath swamps but crude oil is make from tiny animals and plants that lived in the sea.
g. Crude oil, coal and natural gas are collectively known as _________ fuels	Fossil Fuels
h. How is crude oil transported when it is extracted from the ground?	There are two ways to transport crude oil one is by pipeline and the other is by oil tankers.

Crude Oil